In 1831, the geologist George William Featherstonhaugh suggested that vanadium should be renamed " rionium" after del Río, but this suggestion was not followed. On learning of Wöhler's findings, del Río began to passionately argue that his old claim be recognized, but the element kept the name vanadium. He called the element vanadium after Old Norse Vanadís (another name for the Norse Vanir goddess Freyja, whose attributes include beauty and fertility), because of the many beautifully colored chemical compounds it produces. Sefström chose a name beginning with V, which had not yet been assigned to any element. Later that year, Friedrich Wöhler confirmed that this element was identical to that found by del Río and hence confirmed del Río's earlier work. In 1831 Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with iron ores. Del Río accepted Collet-Descotils' statement and retracted his claim. In 1805, French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils, backed by del Río's friend Baron Alexander von Humboldt, incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was an impure sample of chromium. Later, del Río renamed the element erythronium (Greek: ερυθρός "red") because most of the salts turned red upon heating. He found that its salts exhibit a wide variety of colors, and as a result, he named the element panchromium (Greek: παγχρώμιο "all colors"). Del Río extracted the element from a sample of Mexican "brown lead" ore, later named vanadinite. Vanadium was discovered in Mexico in 1801 by the Spanish mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río. Particularly in the ocean, vanadium is used by some life forms as an active center of enzymes, such as the vanadium bromoperoxidase of some ocean algae. The oxide and some other salts of vanadium have moderate toxicity. Large amounts of vanadium ions are found in a few organisms, possibly as a toxin. The vanadium redox battery for energy storage may be an important application in the future. The most important industrial vanadium compound, vanadium pentoxide, is used as a catalyst for the production of sulfuric acid. It is mainly used to produce specialty steel alloys such as high-speed tool steels, and some aluminium alloys. Other countries produce it either from magnetite directly, flue dust of heavy oil, or as a byproduct of uranium mining. It is produced in China and Russia from steel smelter slag. Vanadium occurs naturally in about 65 minerals and fossil fuel deposits. In 1867 Henry Enfield Roscoe obtained the pure element. Del Rio's lead mineral was ultimately named vanadinite for its vanadium content. The name was based on the wide range of colors found in vanadium compounds. Then in 1830, Nils Gabriel Sefström generated chlorides of vanadium, thus proving there was a new element, and named it "vanadium" after the Scandinavian goddess of beauty and fertility, Vanadís (Freyja). Though he initially presumed its qualities were due to the presence of a new element, he was later erroneously convinced by French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils that the element was just chromium. Spanish-Mexican scientist Andrés Manuel del Río discovered compounds of vanadium in 1801 by analyzing a new lead-bearing mineral he called "brown lead". The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer ( passivation) somewhat stabilizes the free metal against further oxidation. It is a hard, silvery-grey, malleable transition metal. Vanadium is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23.
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